Quadruplex telegraphy.



APPLICATION FILED JUNE 3, I9I2.

Patented Mar. 6, 1917.

2 SHEETS-SHEET I iwitmem KIT SEE. 1 QUADRUPLEXTELEGRAPHY.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 3, 1912.

Patented Mar. 6, 1917.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 m mk submarine cables.

ISIDOR KITSEE, 0F PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR, BY WIESNEASSIGN- MENTS, TO AIVLERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, OF YORK,

N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

QUADRUPLEX TELEGRAPI-IY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 6, 1917.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Isioon Krrsnn, a citizen of the United States,residing at Philadelphia, in the county of Philadelphia and State ofPennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements inQuadruple Telegraphy, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to an improvement in quadruplex telegraphy and hasmore special reference to quadruplexing lines with great capacity, suchfor instance as To quadruplex land lines, it is only necessary, first,to increase the energy of the transmitting station and to change thepolarity of the current. Such procedure was found entirely impracticalin the working of lines with great capacity, such as submarine cables.understood by persons versed in the art and the peculiarity of the cableprevents the working with one polarity if no clearing current ofopposite polarity is transmitted between the different signals.

In my invention, I have taken care of this peculiarity and have, infact, so arranged the different parts forming my inventiontransmittingas well as receiving means-so as to conform with all peculiarities ofsuch lines.

In cable telegraphy of today, the so-called siphon recorder is mostgenerally made use of. The moving coil of this device is deflected tothe right or left in accordance with the polarity of the impulse arrivedand, in its deflection, moves a recording siphon to the right or leftcoinciding with its own movement. The movement and, therefore, therecording of the siphon in one direction is then translated as onecharacter, say a dot, and the movement of the siphon in the oppositedirection is 'then translated as a second character, say a dash.v

In my system, the siphon recorder of today may be employed or may bereplaced with a device capable of operating a local circuit (making orbreaking the same), but f will describe my invention here as employingthe siphon recorder of today.

In this instrument, the cradle carrying the siphon is connected with thecoil The reason therefor is Well through two fibers, one fibercompelling the cradle to move with the coil in one direction and theother fiber compelling the cradle to move with the coil in the oppositedirection.

For the purpose of my invention, it is necessary that the means adaptedto translate the message of one coil should only be able to movefin onedirection and the means to translate the message of the second coil onlybe able to move in the opposite direction and, for this reason, thearrangement of the coils has to be changed in certain respects, so as toattain this requirement. Difierent means may be employed; so forinstance may the coil be provided with stops allowing the same only tomove in one direction, but I have found that the rebound .of the coil,if pressed too hard on the stop through the incoming impulse, greatlyinterferes with the good working of the system and I, therefore, haverecourse to the simple expedient of cutting one connection between thecradle and coil, thereby allowing the cradle to be only moved in onedirection through the movement of the coil.

As for quadruplex telegraphy, two receiving instruments are required foreach terminal of the line, the connection between the cradle and thecoil of one instrument is such that the cradle and, therefore, thesiphon attached thereto will only follow the movements of the coil, sayto the right, and the cradle and the siphon attached thereto of thesecond coil will only follow the movements of this coil to the left.

One coil will, therefore, translate the message of one polarity and thesecond coil only the message if sent in opposite polarity.

For the purpose of illustrating one form my invention may take, I havereference to the accompanying drawing. I

In this drawing: Figure l is a diagrammatic view of my preferredtransmitting arrangement; Fig. 2 a partially diagrammatic and partiallyplan view of a motor generator used in my invention; Fig. 3 adiagrammatic View of the receiving organism or arrangement at oneterminal of theline or cable.

means for transmitting pulses.

In the drawing, I have only illustrated the transmitting as well asreceiving arrangement atone end or terminal of the cable, it beingunderstood that the transmit ting and receiving arrangement at the otherend or terminal of the cable is only a duplicate of the arrangement asillustrated.

In Fig. 1: 1 is the conductor adapted to be connected to the bridgecircuit of the cable. 2 and 3 are two generators of alternating current.l'and 5 are two sources of direct current. 6 and 7 are two polarizedelectromagnets. 8 is an electromagnet which may be neutral orunpolarized. The electromagnet or, as I may call it, relay 6 is providedwith the coils 20 and 21. The electromagnet or relay 7 is provided withthe coils 17 and 18. The electromagnet 8 is provided with the coils 22and 23. 9 and 10 are the transmittingmeans, here shown in the form of'keys, adapted to be manually operated, but it is obvious that thesekeys may be replaced by any of the well known automatic 11 and 12 aretwo batteries adapted to be operated here through the keys 9 and 10. Theconductor 1, which is adapted to be connected to the bridge circuit, ishere shown as to be connected with the other terminal to the armature 13of the electromagnet 8 and this armature is held normally by the spring1% against the stop 15 connecting with the ground 16. Through thisarrangement, the bridge and, therefore, the cable are normally groundedand disconnected from all other parts of the transmitting organism orarrangement.

A is the transmitting arrangement of one operator, as an entirety, and Bthe transmitting arrangement of the second operator, as an entirety. Thetransmitting arrangement of A comprises here the key 9, the battery 11and the polarized electromagnet or relay 7 and of the two coils withwhich this relay is provided, the coil 17 pertains to the circuit of itsown operator or operator A and this coil is here connected with the coil21 of the electromagnet or relay 6 pertaining to the other operator andalso with the coil 22 of the neutral electromagnet 8. The relay 7 isprovided with the armature 24: held normally, here shown by the spring25, against the stop 26. This stop is connected with one terminal of thesource of alternation 3, the other terminal of which is connected to theground 16. The lower stop 30 of the armature 24 is here shown as to beconnected to the direct source of current 5 grounded with the oppositepole at 16.

The station E comprises here the key 10, the source of current 12, thepolarized electromagnet or relay 6, and a circuit through battery 12,the coil 18 of the relay 7 of station A, the coil 20 of relay 6 ofstation B and the coil 23 of the neutral relay 8. The relay 6 isprovided with the armature 27. This armature rests normally against thestop 28 by means, here shown as the spring 29. The stop 28 connectsthrough wire 31 with the armature 24 of the electromagnet of station A.The lower stop 32 of armature 27 con nects with one pole to the sourceof direct current 1, the other pole of said source being connected tothe ground 16. The source of alternation 2 connects with one terminal tothe lower stop 33 of the neutral electromagnet 8 and the other terminalwith the armature 27 of electromagnet 6.

In practising my invention, I have found that it is necessary to adjustthe voltages impressed on the cable for the purpose of signaling, sothat the same may not be too high for the safety of the cable and yetsufficiently high for the purpose of allowing the required speed.

In most of the transatlantic cables, the electromotive force with whichthey are worked today is about fifty volts and I have taken this voltageas adapted to be applied to my system, it being understood that asconditions require, higher or lower voltages may be substituted.

In Fig. 2, M is the motor adapted to be connected through theterminals35 to a suit able source of current. G is a generator of alternatingcurrent adapted to generate pulses of the required electromotive force,here shown as generating thirty five v. or volts. G is a generator ofalternating current adapted to generate pulses of lower electromotiveforce, here shown as fifteen v. or volts; and I have designated, forbetter understanding, the generator G by the numeral 2 and the generatorG by the numeral 3, so that at a glance, it is easily ascertained whichposition one or the other of these generators will take if placed in thetransmitting circuit.

For better understanding of the operations of the arrangement asillustrated, it

is required to state that the electromagnets 6 and 7, are, bypreference, polarized in opposite directions, that is, a current of onepolarity which would operate the electromagnet 6 should not operateelectromagnet 7 and vice versa; and has also to be taken intoconsideration that the coils of electro magnet 6 are wound in a mannerso that if the current from its own battery traverses the same, then thearmature is drawn downward; and the second coil is wound in a directionso that if the current from the other station is flowing through it, thearmature is not drawn downward but remains at its normal stopping pointand if current flows through both coils at one and the same time, thentheir effect is neutralized and the armature will again remain at rest.In other words, each of the electromagnets 6 and 7 requires the currentof its own battery to energize the same in the proper direction, so

as to draw the armature downward; and if both coils of each of theseelectromagnets are energized at one and the same time, their addedefl'ect is m'l as far as the energizing of the core is concerned. It hasalso to be taken into consideration that the electromagnet 8 (beingneutral or unpolarized) will be properly energized, no matter if coil 22or coil 23, or both coils, are made active.

I will now describe the method of operating the diflerent transmittingstations.

When station A desires to transmit messages, the operator manipulatesthe key in the same manner as is at present the case on land telegraphy,that is, he depresses the key for a short period todenote a dot and fora longer period to denote a dash. Through the depression of the key, thefol lowing changes take place in the arrangement as illustrated. Thecircuit of the battery 11 is now closed. Through the closing of thiscircuit, the current will flow from this battery in the direction of theshort unfeathered arrow through coil 22 of the neutral relay 8, throughcoil 21 of the polarized relay 6 of the station B, through coil 17 ofthe polarized relay 7 of its own station.

The effect of this flow will be as follows The core of the neutral relay8 will be energized in the proper direction and the armature of thiselectromagnet will be drawn downward and in contact with the stop 33,thereby breaking the direct connection of the cable with the ground andconnecting said cable with one terminal of the source of alternation 2.The core of the polarized relay 6 will be energized in the wrongdirection and the armature will remain at its stopping point. The coreof the polarized electromagnet 7 will be energized in the rightdirection and the armature 2% will be drawn away from its normalstopping point and in contact with the lower point 30 connecting withthe source of direct current 5 grounded at 16. A circuit, therefore,will be established from the cable through 1, armature 13, stop 33, thesource of alternation 2, armature 27 of polar relay 6, stop 28,conductor 31, armature 24 of polar relay 7 stop 30, source of directcurrent 5 and ground 16.

As stated above, it is my aim to use a transmitting energy of the usualvoltage. The alternator, therefore, has a voltage of thirty-five and thesource of direct current 5 should have a voltage of fifteen, but as, inpractice, secondaries will be employed and the voltage of each secondaryis two, then the source 5 should consist of eight secondaries givingsixteen volts.

As shown in the drawing, the source 5 is connected with the negativepole to the stop 30 and, therefore, when the key of A is closed, thenegative pole will be connected with the interposition of the alternator2 to the cable proper.

As the alternator will revolve at the required speed it is obvious thatwhen a pulse will be generated in this alternator flowing in thedirection of the long unfeathered 'ar-- First :Pulses of a directionflowing as a the current from 5 flows, adding their force to the forceof the current from 5, which will give thirty-five volts plus sixteenvolts, equal to fifty-one volts.

Second :Pulses flowing in a direction opposite to the direction of theflow of the current from 5 and, therefore, having its force reduced bythe force of the currentv from 5, which will give thirty-five voltsminus sixteen volts, equal to nineteen volts.

As long, therefore, as the key 9 of station A is depressed, unbalancedalternations will flow over the line. The minus sign of thesealternations will have a force equal to about fifty-one volts and theplus sign of these alternations will have a force equal to aboutnineteen volts.

It is taken for granted that the force of fifty-one volts of the minussign will be able to move at the receiving station the proper coil at aproper distance, but the pulse of nineteen volts of the plus sign willnot be able to move the second coil the required distance, but will onlybe able to clear the line from the effect of the former negative pulsesufficient to move the means adapted to respond to such pulses.

When station B desires to transmit messages, then the operatormanipulates his key in the usual *manner,closing the key for a shorttime to denote a dot and for a longer time to denote a dash.

Through the operation of this key, the following changes will take placein the arrangement as illustrated. The closing of this key closes thecircuit including the bat-.

tery 12. A current will, therefore, flow through the coil 18 of thepolar relay 7 of station A, energizing this core in the wrong direction,and the armature of this polar relay will remain at rest at its upperstop. A current will also flow through coil 20 of the polar relay 6 ofstation E, energizing the core in the proper. direction and the armature27 will be drawn away from the stop 28 and in contact with the lowerstop 32, thereby connecting one terminal of the alternator 2 with thesource of direct current 4 grounded at 16. The current will also flowthrough coil 23 of the neutral relay 8, energizing the core in theproper direction and drawing the armature 13 toward and in contact withthe lower stop 33, thereby disconnecting the direct connection of thecable with the ground and connecting the cable with one terminal of thealternator 2. lVe will, therefore, haveas long as'this key remainsdepressed, a connection of the cable through 1 with armature 13, lowerstop 33, one terminal of the alternator 2, the opposite terminal thereofconnected to armature 27 of polar relay 6, lower stop 32, source ofdirect current 4 and ground 16. Through these connections, the pulsesfrom the alterhator 2 will flow over the line in the following mannerWhen a positive pulse is developed in the alternator flowing in thedirection of the long feathered arrow, then this pulse will be augmentedby the force from the direct current 41-, for the reason that thissource of di rect current is connected with the positive pole to thesource of alternation 2 and with the negative pole to the ground and itscurrent will flow in the direction of the short feathered arrow, thatis, in the same direction as the pulse from the alternator flowed; butwhen a negative pulse is developed in the alternator 2 flowing in thedirection of "the long feathered arrow a, its force will be reduced bythe force of the current from t, because this current will flow in adirection opposite to the direction of the pulse developed in thisalternator.

The electromotive force of the source of direct current 4 should beequal to the elecmotove force of the source of direct current 5, thatis, if secondaries are employed, the source 4 shall consist of eightcells equal to sixteen volts.

During the period that the key at station B is closed, we will,therefore, have the following pulses flowing over the line 'First:Pulsesof a direction flowing as the current from source 4 flows, adding theirforce to the force of the current from source 4, which will givethiry-five volts plus sixteen volts equal to fifty-one volts.

Second :-Pulses flowing in a direction opposite to the direction of theflow of the current from 4 and, therefore, having their force reduced bythe force of the current from a, which will give thirty-five volts minussixteen volts, equal to nineteen volts.

As long, therefore, as the key 10 of station B is depressed, unbalancedalternations will flow over the line. The plus sign of thesealternations will have a force equal to about fifty-one volts and theminus sign of these alternations will have a force equal to aboutnineteen volts.

It is taken for granted, as in the case of station A, that the force offifty-one volts of the plus sign will be able to move, at the receivingstation, the proper coil at the required distance, but the pulse ofnineteen volts of the minus sign will not be able to move the other coiland will only be able to clear the line from the effect of the formerpositive pulse of higher voltage.

As long, therefore, as the key at B is depressed, positive pulses ofhigh electromotive force, alternating with negative pulses of lowelectromotive force, will be transmitted over the line. The plus pulsesof high electromotive force are of sufficient strength to actuate thereceiving means adapted to respond to plus pulses, but the electromotiveforce of the minus sign insufiicient to move the means adapted torespond to minus pulses.

It is now supposed that both, the operator at A as well as B, closesimultaneously their respective keys.

The closing of both keys at one and the same time will result in thefollowing:-

Through the closing of key 9, coil 17 of polar relay 7 will becomeactive, thereby energizing the core in the proper direction, but at thesame time, the coil 18 of the same polar relay will become active,energizing the core in the opposite direction and, there fore, theeffect of both coils will be neutralized on the core and the instrumentwill not answer. So also will the coil 20 of polar relay 6 becomeactive, energizing the core in the properdirection, but, at the sametime, the coil 21 of this polar rela'y will also be come active,energizing the core in opposite direction and the effect of both coilson the core will be neutralized and the instrument will not answer. Atthe neutral relay 8, both the coil 22 and the coil 23 will also be comeactive, but as the efiects of both of these coils are alike in theiraction on the core, the core will become magnetized to a degree aboutdouble that if only one coil would be active; and the resulting eifectof the activity of both coils will be, that the instrument will becomeactive and the armature 13 will be drawn toward and in con tact with thelower stop 33.

The following circuit will be established z- The cable, bridge of same,wire 1, arma- As the armatures of both of the-alternators 2 and 8 arerevolved by the same shaft and the construction of both of thesealternators is alike with the exception that at the same speed, one willdevelop thirty-five Volts and the other will develop fifteen volts, itis obvious that when both are connected in series, the combined voltageof each half of the cycle will be fifty volts and we will, therefore,have, during the time that both keys are simultaneously depressed,pulses flowing over the line of alternating direction, but always of thesame voltage or pressure; and as the receiving devices at the far oilstations are made to answer at this voltage or pressure, it is obviousthat both the receiving devices,the one answering to the plus sign aswell as the one answering to the minus sign,will be actuated.

I will now describe the receiving organism or arrangement and itsoperation, as

.illustrated in Fig. 3.

In this figure, 1 is part of the conductor as illustrated in Fig. 1, forthe purpose of connecting the transmitting organism to the bridgecircuit. 40, 40, are the two sides of the bridge.

I have not shown here in this bridge any means of changing theresistance and I have not placed in this bridge any condensers orsimilar instruments, as my invention does not relate to the mode ormethod of producing a bridge, for the purpose of allowing messages fromboth terminals to travel over the line simultaneously.

It suffices here that the bridge circuits as now employed may be usedwith this, my invention, or such circuits as are practical for theemployment in cable telegraphy. 41, 41, is the cross circuit of thebridge and I have here provided this cross circuit with the impedance42. To this impedance are connected the two receiving devices 43 and 44.

As stated at the beginning of this application, it is my purpose toenable the persons in charge of the cable to use the socalled siphonrecorder of today with a slight change of cutting one of the fibersconnecting the siphon proper to the moving coil and, in this drawing, Ihave only illustrated in conventional sign the moving coil, thesuspended cradle and the siphon attached to the cradle and, instead ofthe two connections of the coil with the cradle, I

have only illustrated one connection of the Of the receiving device 48,the coil is designated by the numeral 45; the cradle by the numeral 46;the siphon by the numeral 47 and the connecting thread by the numeral48.

Of the receiving device 44, the coil is desi nated by the numeral 49;the cradle by the numeral 50; the siphon by the numeral 51 and theconnecting thread by the numeral 52.

In proximity to the siphon 47 is the paper 52 supposed to be moved inthe direc tion of the arrow with the record line 53, and injuxtaposition to the end of the siphon 51 is the paper 54 with therecord line 55. Both coils are connected to the impedance 42; but in amanner so that each coil shall have its own circuit.

Experiments have taught me that if both coils are connected in series asto each other and in one circuit, the moving of one coil induces aslight movement in the second coil and the operation of the two coilstogether is not as efficient as if each coil would be connected to itsown circuit.

In the drawing; one terminal of coil 49 is connected to the impedancethrough wire 56 and with the other terminal to one terminal of the coil45. The coil 45 is connected to the impedance through wire 57 and 58 isthe common return for both of said coils.

With this arrangement, the pulses generated, through the moving of acoil, are short circuitedso to speakand will only flow through their owncircuit.

59 is the cable or line of transmission. 68 is the artificial line hereshown only in conventional sign.

The operation of this part of my invention is as follows Normally, thatis, when no impulse is transmitted over the line, both siphons willrecord a straight line on the moving tapes.

When the operator of station A manipulates his key and sends pulses overthe line, both coils will be moved in the same direction (if theconnection of these coils is alike), but only the siphon of the coil ofstation A will answer, because the movement of the coil of station B inthat particular direction will not be able to actuate its own siphon.The siphon. therefore, of station A will record the signals. Thesesignals will be above or below an imaginary zero line, as the case maybe, and each signal will be represented by a curve more or less squarein accordance with the effect of the impedance 42.

When the key at station A is depressed for a short time and only aboutone full cycle flows over the line, then the curve will only be a shortone, but when the key is. depressed for a longer period (say for adash), then the curve will he a. comparatively large one. This secondcurve will, it looked upon through a magnifying glass, show a vibratoryline, but this will not interfere with the clear reading of the signals.

When the operator at station B manipu lates his key, at the receivingstation both coils will again be deflected in the same direction, butonly the siphon of station B will be able to answer to the movement ofits coil, for the reason aforesaid and will record the received. impulsein either a short or long curve in accordance with the shorter or longerdepression of the key at the transmitting station E; and when theoperators at both transmitting stations simultaneously depress theirkeys, both coils will move alternately in opposite direction and bothsiphons will record,one at onehalf of the cycle and the other at thesecond half of the cycle.

It will, therefore, be seen that if two messages are transmitted overthe line, the last record of one message will be finished onehalf of acycle later than the last record of the other message.

It is obvious that instead of the receiving devices substantially asdescribed and illus trated, other suitable and well known devices may besubstituted,recording as well as repeating.

In arranging my system for the transmission of messages over submarinecables, care should be taken that the alternations of the generators 2and 3 should follow each other at the required speed.

Experiments have taught me that if this speed is too high, then thealternations will not be able to moveat the receiving stationthereceiving instrument with required energy and if this speed is too low,then it may happen that by the depression of the key for a dot, onlythat part of the cycle will be transmitted which is intended to be usedonly as the clearing current.

Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Lettcrs Patent is In a transmitting arrangement for quadruplextelegraphy, two generators of alternating current, two sources of directcurrent and two transmitting means, one of said generators adapted to bemade opera tive through the operation of one or the other of saidtransmitting means, one of said sources of direct current adapted to bemade operative through one of said transmitting means and the second ofsaid sources adapted to be made operative through the secondtransmitting means and the second generator of alternating currentadapted to be made operative through the simultaneous operation of bothtransmitting means.

2. In telegraphy, a line of transmission,

two generators of alternating current of different electromotive force,transmitting means for one station adapted to connect one of saidgenerators to the line of transmission, and means when two stations aresimultaneously operated to connect both of said generators in serieswith each other and to the line of transmission.

3. In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, a generator of alternatingcurrent and two sources of direct current and means to connect thegenerator with one source to denote one message and to connect thegenerator with the second source to denote a second message. i

4. In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, one generator ofalternating current and two sources of direct current, means for onesource of said direct current to be connected to oneterminal of saidgenerator with the positive pole and means for the' second of saidsources to be connected to one terminal of said generator with thenegative pole.

5. In telegraphic transmitting apparatus, the combination of twoelectromagnets and transmitting means for each of said electromagnets,each of said electromagnets being provided with means whereby it becomesoperative through the manipulation of its own transmitting means, eachof said electromagnets being provided with means whereby the effect ofits own transmitting means is neutralized by the simultaneous operationof the second transmitting means, and a third electromagnet operativelyrelated to both transmitting means and provided with means whereby itbecomes operative through the manipulation of both transmitting means.

6. In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, two electromagnets andtransmitting means for each of said electromagnets, means for each ofsaid electromagnets to become operative through the manipulation of itsown transmitting means, each electromagnet provided with means toneutralize the effect of its own transmitting means through thesimultaneous operation of the second transmitting means.

7 In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, a neutral electromagnet andtwo transmitting means, the neutral electromagnet provided with twocoils, one coil connected to one transmitting means and the second coilconnected to the second transmitting means, both transmitting meansadapted to make operative said electromagnet, in combination with agenerator of alternating current adapted to become active through theoperation of said electromagnet.

8. In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, a generator of alternatingcurrent, two sources of direct current and two transmitting means andmeans related to one of said transmitting means to impress upon the linealternations, thepositive pulse of which is of higher electromotiveforce than the negative pulse and means related to the secondtransmitting means to impress upon the line alternations, the negativepulse of which is of higher electromotive force than the positive pulse.

9. In a telegraphic transmitting arrangement, two alternators, twosources of direct current and two transmitting means, means operativclyrelated to one transmitting means to impress upon the line alternationswherein the positive pulse is of higher electromotive force than thenegative pulse, means operatively related to the second of saidtransmittingv means to impress upon the line alternations, wherein thenegative pulse is of higher electromotive force than the positive pulse,and means operatively related to both transmitting means to impress uponthe line straight reversals of comparatively high electromotive force.

10. In a system of dipleX telegraphy, a line of transmission, meansoperated by one transmitting means to impress upon said linealternations whose positive pulse is of higher electromotive force thanthe negative pulse, means operated by another transmitting means toimpress upon said line alternations whose negative pulse is of highereleotromotive force than the positive pulse, the manipulation of bothtransmitting means impressing upon said line alternations in which bothpulses are of like high electromotive force, means when neithertransmitting means is manipulated to suppress all current on said line,in combination with two receiving devices in the line of transmission,one arranged to respond to negative pulses of comparatively highpolarity and the second arranged to respond to positive pulses ofcomparatively high polarity, and separate recording means for each ofsaid receiving devices.

In testimony whereof I afiix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

ISIDOR KITSEE. Witnesses:

MARY C. SMITH, ALVAH RITTENHOUSE.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressingthe Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. 03f

